CLONING

Cloning
"Cloning means producing a cell or group of genetically identical individuals from a single cell." All clones have the same genetic heritage. Most single-celled organisms, many plants and some multicellular animals reproduce by cloning (asexual reproduction). In humans, identical twins are clones, because they develop after the separation of the first cells formed from a single fertilized ovum.

Cloning is not strictly speaking part of genetic engineering since the genome normally remains unchanged, but it is a practical method for multiplying organisms created by genetic manipulation.

Alta Genetics, Calgary, is a world leader in genetic engineering of livestock. This company uses artificial polyembryonnie combined with in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation. The manipulation of plant hormones in plant cells in culture can produce clones, namely the millions of seedlings that can be the seed artificial.

The cloning of animals produced by genetic engineering techniques is usually difficult. It has produced clones of frogs by transplanting several eggs without nuclei identical core taken from a single embryo. This technique does not apply to mammals. It can be used with cells cloned from very young embryos of mammals (embryonic stem cells) for reconstructing whole animals. It relies heavily on this technique to produce genetically engineered mice. There is no known example of human cloning by artificial means, which does not preclude people from claiming the regulations frequently on human cloning and genetic engineering, for the same reasons why most commentators to reject eugenics.

Gene Cloning
This type of cloning is a fundamental component of genetic engineering. A segment of DNA from any donor in vitro is combined with another molecule of DNA, called a vector, to form a DNA molecule "recombinant".

The design of suitable vectors is an important branch practice of genetic engineering. The insertion of DNA requires the mediation of different vectors according to the type of cell. Mammalian vectors usually come from mammalian viruses.

The cloning of genes in microbes has reached the stage of commercial applications, including one of the most remarkable is the marketing of human INSULINE produced by bacteria. You can now purchase many products such as growth hormones, clotting factors and blood interferon antiviral. The cloning of genes has revolutionized our knowledge of genes, cells and diseases, especially of CANCER. In addition the diagnosis of hereditary diseases in the highest scientific level and provided us with accurate diagnostic tools for infectious diseases, it is essential for DNA testing that is in the forensic medicine.

BIOTECHNOLOGY: SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE

Biotechnology
Definition:

Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Examples of biotechnology, there are traditional applications such as making bread, cheese, wine and beer, as well as modern applications such as cell culture, genetically modified foods and the cloning of plants and animals.

Genetic engineering
Word (s) like (s): genetic modification, recombinant DNA technology.

Definition:
Technique of removing, modifying or adding genes to a DNA molecule of [an agency] so as to change the information it contains.

By changing this information, genetic engineering changes the type or amount of proteins an organism is able to produce and allows it to create new substances or to provide new functions.

The aim of genetic engineering is to produce desired characteristics and to eliminate those that are undesirable.

Among the desirable characteristics sought for plants, we can cite as examples the rapid growth, resistance to pests and greater size.

Modified organisms through genetic engineering are sometimes called transgenic organisms, genetically modified or derived from biotechnology.

Recombinant DNA technology.
Definition:

Laboratory manipulation of DNA in which DNA, or DNA fragments from different sources, are cut and recombined using enzymes.

This recombinant DNA is then inserted into a living organism. The recombinant DNA technology is often used synonymously with genetic engineering. With this technique, researchers can study the characteristics and actions of specific genes.

A body manipulated by recombinant DNA techniques is known as genetically modified organism (GMO).

Cloning
Definition:

Set of genetically identical, from the asexual reproduction of a single ancestral organism. Cloning refers to the fact generate identical copies of cells and segments of DNA.